Outlining Strategies Outlining your first draft by listing each paragraph's topic sentence can be an easy way to ensure that each of your paragraphs is serving a specific purpose in your paper. Example Outline The following outline is for a page paper discussing the link between educational attainment and health. Introduction A. Current Problem: Educational attainment rates are decreasing in the United States while healthcare costs are increasing. Key Terms: healthy, well-educated Thesis Statement: Because of their income deficit cite sources and general susceptibility to depression cite sources , students who drop out of high school before graduation maintain a higher risk for physical and mental health problems later in life. Background A. Historical Employment Overview: Unskilled laborers in the past were frequently unionized and adequately compensated for their work cite sources.

Historical Healthcare Overview: Unskilled laborers in the past were often provided adequate healthcare and benefits cite sources. Current Link between Education and Employment Type: Increasingly, uneducated workers work in unskilled or low-skilled jobs cite sources. Gaps in the Research: Little information exists exploring the health implications of the current conditions in low-skilled jobs. Minor Point 1: Unskilled work environments are correlated highly with worker injury cite sources. Minor Point 2: Unskilled work environments rarely provide healthcare or adequate injury recovery time cite sources.

Major Point 2: Conditions of employment affect workers' mental health A. Minor Point 1: Employment in a low-skilled position is highly correlated with dangerous levels of stress cite sources. Minor Point 2: Stress is highly correlated with mental health issues cite sources. Minor Point 1: Mental health problems and physical health problems are highly correlated cite sources. Minor Point 2: Stress manifests itself in physical form cite sources VI. Minor Point 1: Many high-school dropouts face financial problems cite sources. cite sources. Conclusion A. Restatement of Thesis: Students who drop out of high school are at a higher risk for both mental and physical health problems throughout their lives.

Next Steps: Society needs educational advocates; educators need to be aware of this situation and strive for student retention in order to promote healthy lifestyles and warn students of the risks associated with dropping out of school. Sample Thesis Statement: Because of their income deficit Smith, and general susceptibility to depression Jones, , students who drop out of high school before graduation maintain a higher risk for physical and mental health problems later in life. Background After the initial introduction, background on your topic often follows. Sample Background: A background section on a paper on education and health might include an overview of recent research in this area, such as research on depression or on decreasing high school graduation rates.

Sample Major Point: Employment and physical health may be a good first major point for this sample paper. Here, a student might discuss how dropping out of high school often leads to fewer employment opportunities, and those employment opportunities that are available tend to be correlated with poor work environments and low pay. Sample Minor Point: A sample minor point of the previous major point employment and physical health might address worker injury or the frequent lack of health insurance benefits offered by low-paying employers. More Major and Minor Points: In this paper, more major points might include mental health of high school dropouts, healthcare access for dropouts, and correlation between mental and physical health. Minor topics could include specific work environments, job satisfaction in various fields, and correlation between depression and chronic illness.

Conclusion Your conclusion both restates your paper's major claim and ties that claim into a larger discussion. Sample Conclusion: For this paper, a conclusion might restate the central argument the link between lack of education and health issues and go on to connect that discussion to a larger discussion of the U. healthcare or education systems. Outlining Video Note that this video was created while APA 6 was the style guide edition in use. Prewriting Demonstrations: Outlining video transcript. Related Resources. Writing Center podcast select the episode in the player.

An outline in this style should appear as stated below. Drafting a good research paper outline plays a significant role in producing a well-structured essay. It helps catch any errors, helping you write what you intend without confusing the reader. An overview will help you maintain balance, remain focused, have a great flow, and ensure completeness. Have you learned how to write a research paper outline? I believe, yes. It is time to take your pen and paper and practice what you learned. Remember, practice makes perfect. Need Academic Writing Help?

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Discussion section of a research paper.

Published on August 14, by Jack Caulfield. Revised on December 6, An essay outline is a way of planning the structure of your essay before you start writing. It involves writing quick summary sentences or phrases for every point you will cover in each paragraph , giving you a picture of how your argument will unfold. Table of contents Organizing your material Presentation of the outline Examples of essay outlines Frequently asked questions about essay outlines. You should know your topic and have already done some preliminary research to find relevant sources , but now you need to shape your ideas into a structured argument. Once you have an idea of your overall argument, you can begin to organize your material in a way that serves that argument.

Try to arrange your material into categories related to different aspects of your argument. Three main themes or subjects is a common structure for essays. Depending on the length of the essay, you could split the themes into three body paragraphs, or three longer sections with several paragraphs covering each theme. As you create the outline, look critically at your categories and points: Are any of them irrelevant or redundant? Make sure every topic you cover is clearly related to your thesis statement. When you have your material organized into several categories, consider what order they should appear in.

Your essay will always begin and end with an introduction and conclusion , but the organization of the body is up to you. In your outline, you present these points as a few short numbered sentences or phrases. They can be split into sub-points when more detail is needed. You can choose whether to write your outline in full sentences or short phrases. Examples of outlines for different types of essays are presented below: an argumentative, expository, and literary analysis essay. It uses short phrases to summarize each point. This is the outline for an expository essay describing how the invention of the printing press affected life and politics in Europe.

The paragraphs are still summarized in short phrases here, but individual points are described with full sentences. The body of the essay is divided into three different themes, each of which is explored through examples from the book. You will sometimes be asked to hand in an essay outline before you start writing your essay. Your supervisor wants to see that you have a clear idea of your structure so that writing will go smoothly. Even when you do not have to hand it in, writing an essay outline is an important part of the writing process. If you have to hand in your essay outline , you may be given specific guidelines stating whether you have to use full sentences. When writing an essay outline for yourself, the choice is yours. Some students find it helpful to write out their ideas in full sentences, while others prefer to summarize them in short phrases.

You should try to follow your outline as you write your essay. Caulfield, J. Have a language expert improve your writing. Proofreading Services. Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes. Plagiarism Checker. Generate accurate citations for free. Citation Generator. Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading services Trustpilot. Introduction Claim that the printing press marks the end of the Middle Ages. Provide background on the low levels of literacy before the printing press. Present the thesis statement: The invention of the printing press increased circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation. Situation before the printing press Discuss the very high levels of illiteracy in medieval Europe.

Describe how literacy and thus knowledge and education were mainly the domain of religious and political elites. Indicate how this discouraged political and religious change. Invention and spread of the printing press Describe the invention of the printing press in by Johannes Gutenberg. Show the implications of the new technology for book production. Describe the rapid spread of the technology and the printing of the Gutenberg Bible. Link to the Reformation. Sketch out the large-scale effects the Reformation would have on religion and politics. Conclusion Summarize the history described. Stress the significance of the printing press to the events of this period. When do I need to write an essay outline? Should I use full sentences in my essay outline?

Do I have to stick to my essay outline as I write? Is this article helpful? Jack Caulfield Jack is a Brit based in Amsterdam, with an MA in comparative literature. He writes for Scribbr and reads a lot of books in his spare time. Other students also liked. How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline Example A research paper outline makes writing your paper more efficient. It organizes your thoughts and helps shape the flow of information. A step-by-step guide to the writing process The writing process involves researching the topic, planning the structure, drafting the text, revising, editing and proofreading. It is the most common essay type at university. What is your plagiarism score? Scribbr Plagiarism Checker.

Types of Sentences. Three popular formats for research paper outlines are alphanumeric , full sentence , and decimal. A compare and contrast essay explains the similarities and differences between two things. In a problem-solution essay, you are given a problem as a topic and you have to suggest multiple solutions on it. She has worked as a freelance writer and editor since , and joined the Scribbr team as an editor in June Example: BODY PARAGRAPH 1 First point Sub-point Sub-point of sub-point 1.

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