Omit the publisher if the title is the same as the name of the publisher. Access date is optional. Ask your teacher. Ask your teacher before including blog posts or social media comments. Related Articles:. MLA Works Cited Example. How useful was this post? Click on a star to rate it! We are sorry that this post was not useful for you! Let us improve this post! Tell us how we can improve this post? Submit Feedback. Read more. In many cases, these bibliographies also group works according to the time period during which they were published. A personal bibliography lists multiple works by the same individual author or group of authors.

Often, personal bibliographies include works that would be difficult to find elsewhere, like unpublished works. In a corporate bibliography, the sources are grouped according to their relation to a specific organization. The sources can be about an organization, published by that organization, or owned by that organization. Subject bibliographies group works according to the subjects they cover. Generally, these bibliographies list primary and secondary sources, whereas other types of enumerative bibliographies, like personal bibliographies, might not.

In some cases, it makes sense to use a bibliography format other than those listed here. These include:. This type of bibliography lists works by a single author. In this case, you can choose how to order the sources, such as by publication date or alphabetically by title. A selected bibliography is a bibliography that only lists some of the sources you consulted. Usually, these are the most important sources for your work. A selected bibliography may also be an annotated bibliography. Although each style guide has its own formatting rules for bibliographies, all bibliographies follow a similar structure. As noted above, different kinds of assignments require different kinds of bibliographies. For example, you might write an analytical bibliography for your art history paper because this type of bibliography gives you space to discuss how the construction methods used for your sources inform their content and vice-versa.

Certain style guides use different terminology to refer to bibliographies. APA refers to it as the References page. Author Last Name, Author First Name. For example:. Title of Container, Publisher, Publication date, Location. Smith, John Jacob Jingleheimer. Wu Xia and the Art of Scooter Maintenance, Springer, Smith, John Jacob Jingleheimer, and Cindy Lu. If there are more than two authors for your source, add et al. Smith, John Jacob Jingleheimer et al. Wu Xia and the Art of Scooter Maintenance , Springer, For newspapers and magazines, you should include the author, the article title in quotation marks , the title of the newspaper or publication in italics , the date of publication, and the page numbers from which the information was gathered.

Occasionally, you will come across a source without a listed author. This is especially common when citing newspaper articles and online articles. When this happens, you should simply move to the next step of your citation. When you are citing an online source, do your best to include the following: the author, the title of the article or page, the name of the website, the website publisher if available , the date of publication, and the specific web address or URL. Johnson, Mary Anne. If you are citing a personal interview that you conducted yourself, include the name of the interviewee, last name first.

What follows depends on the format of the interview. If it appears in a printed publication like a book or magazine, the title of the publication in italics comes next, followed by any volume or issue numbers in plain text, followed by the year, followed by the page numbers in which the interview appears. Johnson, Anne. Interview with Mary Smith. Amazing Interviews Magazine , vol. If the interview is one part of a television program or other broadcast medium, follow the same pattern above, but omit reference to volume, issue and page number. You can include noteworthy performances just after the directors if you choose.

A Citable Film II. Directed by John Smith and Jane Doe, performances by Anne Johnson and Mark Smith, Moviemaking Studios, Citing a television show follows the same format as films, but includes the episode title and ideally a specific airing date. If you watched the episode through a streaming service, you should include the service name in italics and a link after the date:. TVFlix , www. Citing speeches, lectures, conferences, and other spoken material is only slightly different from citing interviews and print material.

Not so fast. A bibliography is a list of all the sources you consulted while writing your paper. Every book, article, and even video you used to gather information for your paper needs to be cited in your bibliography so your instructor and any others reading your work can trace the facts, statistics, and insights back to their original sources. Give your paper extra polish Grammarly helps you communicate confidently Write with Grammarly. It accompanies just about every type of academic writing , like essays , research papers , and reports. In nearly all academic instances, a bibliography is required.

Not including a bibliography or including an incomplete, incorrect, or falsified bibliography can be considered an act of plagiarism , which can lead to a failing grade, being dropped from your course or program, and even being suspended or expelled from your school. Additionally, future historians consulting your writing can use your bibliography to identify primary and secondary sources in your research field. Documenting the course information from its original source through later academic works can help researchers understand how that information has been cited and interpreted over time. It can also help them review the information in the face of competing—and possibly contradictory or revisionary—data.

In nearly all cases, a bibliography is found at the end of a book or paper. Different types of academic works call for different types of bibliographies. For example, your computer science professor might require you to submit an annotated bibliography along with your paper because this type of bibliography explains the why behind each source you chose to consult. An annotated bibliography is a bibliography that includes annotations, which are short notes explaining why the author chose each of the sources. Generally a few sentences long, these notes might summarize or reflect on the source. An annotated bibliography is not the same as a literature review. While a literature review discusses how you conducted your research and how your work fits into the overall body of established research in your field, an annotated bibliography simply explains how each source you used is relevant to your work.

An enumerative bibliography is the most basic type of bibliography. A national bibliography groups sources published in a specific region or nation. In many cases, these bibliographies also group works according to the time period during which they were published. A personal bibliography lists multiple works by the same individual author or group of authors. Often, personal bibliographies include works that would be difficult to find elsewhere, like unpublished works. In a corporate bibliography, the sources are grouped according to their relation to a specific organization. The sources can be about an organization, published by that organization, or owned by that organization. Subject bibliographies group works according to the subjects they cover.

Generally, these bibliographies list primary and secondary sources, whereas other types of enumerative bibliographies, like personal bibliographies, might not. In some cases, it makes sense to use a bibliography format other than those listed here. These include:. This type of bibliography lists works by a single author. In this case, you can choose how to order the sources, such as by publication date or alphabetically by title. A selected bibliography is a bibliography that only lists some of the sources you consulted. Usually, these are the most important sources for your work. A selected bibliography may also be an annotated bibliography. Although each style guide has its own formatting rules for bibliographies, all bibliographies follow a similar structure.

As noted above, different kinds of assignments require different kinds of bibliographies. For example, you might write an analytical bibliography for your art history paper because this type of bibliography gives you space to discuss how the construction methods used for your sources inform their content and vice-versa. Certain style guides use different terminology to refer to bibliographies. APA refers to it as the References page. The primary difference between the different style guides is how the bibliography is formatted. The first step in writing a bibliography is organizing all the relevant information about the sources you used in your research.

MLA , APA , and the Chicago Manual of Style are three of the most commonly used style guides in academic writing. In MLA format , the bibliography is known as the Works Cited page. MLA is typically used for writing in the humanities, like English and History. In MLA format, books are cited like this:. Otherwise, this can be left out. Scholarly articles are cited in this format:. In APA format —the format typically used in psychology, nursing, business, and the social sciences—the bibliography page is titled References. In APA format, books are cited like this:. The Chicago Manual of Style CMoS permits authors to format bibliographies in two different ways: the notes and bibliography system and the author-date system.

The former is generally used in the humanities, whereas the latter is usually used in the sciences and social sciences. This list is titled Bibliography. In CMoS, books are cited like this:. number year published : page numbers of the article i. There are many different kinds of bibliographies. Each style guide publishes its bibliography guidelines online. How to Write a Bibliography, with Examples Lindsay Kramer. Give your paper extra polish. Writing, grammar, and communication tips for your inbox.

How do I cite a source with no page numbers in APA Style? Courses New Tech Help Pro New Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Coupons Quizzes Upgrade Sign In. Learn more FAQ Bibliography Examples for Students How do you write a bibliography for a school project? APA provides guidelines for citing sources with missing information. Then, learn about the different types of bibliographies available that you may need to use.

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